Economic Analysis of Coffee in Vietnam

Economic Analysis of Coffee in Vietnam Group members: Huynh Anh Tin, Pham Le Bao Tran, Pham Le Thien Huong Vietnam coffee market structure: Vietnam coffee market structure is oligopoly, because there are a few firms that have the ability to enter this industry, and with many similar product taste (Sloman, Garratt, 2013). The production of coffee is expensive, it include land, machine, labor, and material. Coffee only grows in high land area of Vietnam, so the investors have to buy large land and burn forest. The labor forces are the farmers, who have years of experience on growing coffee, are paid to grow the coffee to export over sea. Due to coffee planting become popular in Vietnam, Vietnam coffee production surpass Colombia to become the second largest coffee producers. (The popularity of coffee More over, there are also some brands of coffee product such as: Trung Nguyen, Y 5, Vina, etc. Most of Vietnam coffees are export to countries such as: England, United States, Japan, Korean, Hong Kong, Italy, etc. Elasticity of Demand: Vietnam has many coffee distributors, so there will be many different prices of coffee. Coffee price will also change because of the world market price change everyday. However, Drinking coffe is a Vietnamese’s culture for years so even if price change the customers are still buying the coffee. Coffee makes people focus, smarter, gain energy, release stress (Gunnars, 2013) . Because coffee is consisted of caffeine, so some of customers cannot quit coffee. And it takes a lot of time to find other substitute or to stop drinking coffee. Coffee Culture is increasing can also make consumers demand more coffee than before. Rise of other culture coffee makes consumer curious and want to taste the different coffee style. And young people also drink coffee to prove that they are already grow up. base on the survey of director of Thu Ha company, Thu Ha company produced 100 ton per year but only 30% of product was exported and the rest was consumed in domestic. It proved that the demand of coffee in Viet Nam is very high and it also attracted some of big coffee distributor come to Viet Nam such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf. http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=8334ur=hoainam c) Elasticity in Supply The growth of Vietnam coffee productivity has entered the world market and became the second largest coffee producer, after Brazil. Beside the growth of production, Vietnam’s coffee culture is also well known with the unique brewing style. More important, coffee is the daily need of Vietnamese people, because they need coffee to make them stay awake and gain energy to focus on work. Even though price of coffee is change due to price change, coffee it self will not decrease the quantity of coffee supply. Base on the Hallam research, Vietnam coffee production is a strong producer, which can expand from 60 578 hectares to 463 450 hectares and coffee bean output increased from 96 000 tones to 800 000 tones, making Viet Nam the largest Robusta producer and second largest coffee producer in the world. This result the increase of income of employment and decline the hunger rate. However, price of Robusta coffee has fallen because of the Arabica coffee had also fallen. Against this background, the coffee price elasticity of supply is very low, which is only 0.13 in short run and 0.24 in the long run . Supply responses to price incentives are not balanced: periods of rising prices stimulate new plantings and other fixed asset investments, which does not change when price fall, it can not be replaced when it reach to the end of production. Supply responses to falling prices have also been slowed in some cases by national efforts to assist producers, for example through price supports and debt relief. In the short-term adjustments can be made to reduce inputs including labor, but creating unemployment and stimulating migration. Reduced labor input through makes the coffee are less care, which lowered the quality of coffee and also create a pressure on price. ( Hallam, Fig.1: Short run of coffee’s price elasticity of supply. Accessed: April 1, 2014, from: http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/unit-1-micro-revision-on-price-elasticity-of-supply. d) Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is the alternatives consumers or producers have to give up when deciding purchasing or producing.(Sloman, Garrett, 2013) When people have to make choice they have to lose the other alternative that involves. Opportunity cost occurs in simple purchase to complex purchase. Purchasing coffee also occur opportunity cost, the consumer may decide the good that they want, so they can satisfied their simple needs. Normally, consumers who want to have a coffee cup to be more awake and focus on their work will have to scarify some of their alternatives to get the cup of coffee. Money: The first alternative that people have to pay in order to get their coffee. When consumers decide to get a cup of coffee, they have to know the price of coffee that they will buy. The amount of money they spend for the coffee is the opportunity cost to get the coffee for them. However, the consumers give up the alternative of saving money, spending on other substitute, or even invest on a business. A cup of coffee may not cost the consumer a lot of money, however if the consumers buy coffee everyday may cost them more than what they think. Time: The second alternative that consumer have to scarify is time. Time now is including the time the consumer have to go to the coffee shop and the time they have to wait for the coffee. The alternative that they give up is the amount of time just for travelling to the coffee and waiting for the product. In order to get a cup of coffee, customers have to sacrifice some of the alternatives to get the coffee they demand. Conclusion: The report aim to learn and understand the characteristic of the strongest product of Vietnam, which is coffee. More over, we can also learn what is the position of the product in the world market. In the report, we learn about the market structure, the demand, the supply of coffee, the elasticity of demand and elasticity of supply. In the report our group learn about four facts: First, the Vietnamese coffee market structure is Oligopoly, which has a few firms can enter and produce similar product. Second, The elasticity of demand and supply are considered inelastic, because of price cannot change the supply and demand of coffee of Vietnamese people. Third, the opportunity costs in order to buy a cup of coffee. Last, analyzing the demand and supply of Vietnamese coffee. Coffee has been a strong industry for year, however coffee supply has decreased the quantity and the quality by the countries, which import Vietnam coffee. In order to make the Vietnam’s coffee become acknowled ge for both quantity and quality, finding solution and make changes in production are required to boost the production. Summary the event: The event mention about the increase in price of coffee not only in Viet Nam and in the world because that is affected by the drought in Brazil. In details, during the early 2014, a seriously drought is destroying the coffee farms in Brazil which is the biggest exporting coffee countries in the world. This would not be good news for farmers but that is great news for other exporting countries in which have Viet Nam. That also affects the selling price in Viet Nam market, the selling price for coffee increase rapidly during the early in 2014. According to this event, the reason for increasing selling price for coffee also concern about the speculation of firms and other organizations. For the Arabica coffee, it increases more than two times than the first days in October, 2013. Shifts in supply curve: After drawing the curve of supply, we can see how the drought in Brazil affect the supply for coffee. Especially, the supply for coffee is very sensitive with the weather. The weather can easily affect the productivity of coffee. Of course, the supply curve will move to the left, from S1 to S2 in the curve. In this case, with the impact of the drought, it makes the selling price increase from P1 to P2 because the productivity is less than before. In some cases, the price of coffee will increase slightly because the demand for coffee is elastic but in this case, many factors combine together from the impact from the weather and the speculation of people, which lead to the big increase for selling price of coffee. The gap from P1 to P2 will much bigger than other situations. When the selling price increase, that is also a main reason why the number of people wants to buy less than before, Q1 will move backward to Q2 as well. The changes in quantity of demand for coffee will decrease fo llow the changes of selling price. Because the changes in the supply curve above, the new equilibrium point will move to the new point which is from E1 to E2. After analyzing the impact of the event to the supply curve, coffee can easily be affected by the outside factors such as: environment, weather and people. P D S2 S1 Pe2 E2 Pe1 E1 0 Q2 Q1 Q http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/nongsan/tintucthitruong/112433/Gia-ca-phe-tang-Cau-hoi-nup-sau-tin-thoi-tiet.html Demand P D1 S D2 Pe1 E1 Pe2 E2 0 Q2 Q1 Summary the event: in a role of apprentice, somehow the reporter was got into a factory which is producing fake coffee in Hoc Mon . Reporter was following the factorys owner to Kim Bien market to buy 15 arsenical material such as smell of coffee flavor, foaming agent for soap, food coloring industry and many more and blend with soya bean. Only in one day that factory can produce 1 ton of Fake coffee and deliver to lot of coffee store from middle of Vietnam to South of Vietnam. And when reporter asked about why don’t you sale the real coffee then the owner of factory just give only one reason that about the price, the real coffe was cost over 200.000 VNÄ  but fake coffee only cost over 100.000 to 120.000 to produce and sales. Shift in Demand curve After drew Demand curve, we can see how the scandal of produce coffee from soya bean mixed with arsenical affected to the demand of coffee. After the true was exposed on newspaper, the consumers scared to drink coffee and switching to another substitutes, then you can see the demand curve moved from D1 to D2. It makes the supplier decrease the cost to attract the consumers, at the curve you can see that P1 move to P2 and it makes a new equilibrium from E1 to E2, and besides that the quantity of coffee also move backward from Q1 to Q2 http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20120718/hai-hung-ca-phe-deu-ky-2-dau-nanh-+-15-hoa-chat-=-ca-phe-18-7-2012.aspx References: Gunnars, K., Feb 20,2013,’Why Is Coffee Good For You? Here are the 7 reasons’, Authority Nutrition. Accessed: April 2, 2014, from: http://authoritynutrition.com/why-is-coffee-good-for-you/ Hallam, D., ‘Falling Commodity Price And Industry Responses: Some Lessons From The International Coffee Crisis’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Accessed: March 31, 2013, from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5117e/y5117e03.htm#TopOfPage Maja, W.,2013, ‘Vietnam Coffee Production is Blooming, as is the Coffee Culture’, Tea Coffee Trade Journal, p.p:32-33. Sloman, J., Garrett, D.,2013, ‘Essential of Economics’ , Pearson, p.p: 7. Sloman, J., Garrett, D.,2013, ‘Essential of Economics’, Pearson, p.p: 94. Tran, T., July, 2013 ‘Vietnam Coffee’s Industry’, Ipos. Accessed: March 31,2014, from: http://www.ipsosconsulting.com/pdf/Ipsos-Research-Note-Vietnam-Coffee.pdf` List of Illustration Fig.1: Short run of coffee’s price elasticity of supply. Accessed: April 1, 2014, from: http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/unit-1-micro-revision-on-price-elasticity-of-supply.

Poetry Essay Essay

The three poems Remember written by Christina Rossetti, A Mother In A Refugee Camp by Chinua Achebe and Poem at Thirty-Nine by Alice Walker share the same negative theme of loss and separation. Remember explores the pain felt by losing loved ones. A Mother In A Refugee Camp emphasizes the relationship between a mother and her child living in a refugee camp. Poem at thirty nine is a poem about the reminiscences of a loved one. Remember expresses the pain in losing and letting go of a loved one. This is shown through the techniques of imperatives and contrasts. The first few words said by the speaker is â€Å"remember me†. This quote is very effective in expressing the personas demanding tone. The technique used is an imperative. This quote can have multiple interpretations as the speaker can be seen to be speaking in a selfish tone or in a concerned tone. In this sonnet the lover is addressed directly. The word ‘remember’ is repeated several times, this shows that there is a sense of fear the speaker holds that their lover might forget them too quickly. This word gives the effect of there being a separation between two lovers. The title itself consists of this word which shows the power of the word and the entire poem. The speaker at first appeals to her lover to remember her after death, but as the poem progresses she dispels her selfishness. The poem unfold as the word ‘remember’ is used the reader understands that there is separation between two lovers. The reason of the separation becomes more clear when â€Å"gone far away† is repeated. This quote conveys the concept of death. The speakers sorrow is stressed by the reappearance of the words ‘gone away’. All sonnets are known to have a change in tone within them ; this sonnet has a change in tone from negative to positive. In the two quatrains the speaker repeats the word â€Å"remember†, but the speaker uses the reiteration of the word â€Å"forget† towards the end. This supports the change of tone, she changes her tone from talking only about herself to caring about the person in front of her. Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare is similar to the sonnet Remember as in both poems love is believed to be constant even after death. Shakespeare and Rossetti both use the form of sonnets. The themes of loss and separation are conveyed through the constant repetition and steady tone. In Remember, the speaker rejects her selfish desires and considers that it would be better to â€Å"forget and smile† rather than to â€Å"Remember and be sad†. This shows the contrast between speaker being selfish to being selfless. In this quote she confirms that she doesn’t want her lover to feel hurt in her absence. The speaker mentions to â€Å"hold me by the hand†, this demonstrates the clear and distinct relationship between the two lovers. This quote uses the technique of alliteration, of the letter h, this is a soft sound which shows the gentleness in their relationship. Monosyllable words don’t flow well with other words and Christina Rossetti used monosyllable words to reflect upon the upset and disjointed mind she has. is quote shows the intimacy of their relationship. It also had the connotations of not letting go of something, the speaker wants her lover to keep hold of her. This is a gesture that occurs between two lovers which reveals that the speaker is in fact talking to her loved one. The structured poem constantly revealed the love the speaker felt for her partner. Christina Rossetti had written this poem during the Victorian era, this was when the poems were more structured. The sonnet created the effect of the speaker revealing her feelings and letting her emotions out. Christina Rossetti may have chosen to write this poem because she had also lost the one she loved. In Remember the themes of loss and separation are constantly explored . A Mother in a refugee camp. The title says it all, it is a poem about a mother in a refugee camp, but it also shows how a mother tragically loses her child. The mother in this poem will â€Å"soon have to forget† her child, this foreshadows her child dying and shows that she would have to forget her child. This quote uses the technique of euphemism to create a callous image of her loss. The word ‘soon’ gives the reader a sense of time, it creates the effect of death is yet to come upon the child. Throughout this poem poignant imagery is used successfully, this creates sympathy for the mother and her child. The mother described in this poem was unlike any other mother, she appeared to be weary and worn-out yet she wasn’t prepared lose her child. The mother had uncovered a â€Å"ghost-smile† and the poet had used an oxymoron to show this. This technique was effective in showing that she held a remnant of her smile. The metaphor used could have two possible meanings: she is either happy that she is still with her child but her smile is faint due to her exhaustion or she holds a fake smile just to keep a smile on her child’s face. The mother appears to maintain her pride as she combs the â€Å"rust colored hair† on her delicate child’s head. The ‘rust’ colour symbolizes dried up blood, the colour is also related The condition of the hair seems to indicate that the child is suffering from diseases and is rapidly aging. The child is exposed to the weather, and less hygienic areas. The child’s health lead to his death, and the loss of a loving mother’s child. In A Mother in a refugee camp, the poet vividly describes many children experiencing â€Å"blown empty bellies† this oxymoron effectively creates an image of children starving yet having blown bellies due to diseases developing. This quote had connotations of starvation and malnutrition which later on lead to death . The mother in this poem is again compared to regular mothers as instead of cherishing the small thing’s in life she visits her child at a â€Å"tiny grave†. The poet has again used poignant imagery effectively, juxta position is used as the words ‘tiny’ and ‘grave’ are unusually put together. The word ‘tiny’ is used to show that her child was young and small. Another poem that shares the theme of separation and letting a loved one go is Do not go gentle written by Dylan Thomas. A Mother In A Refugee Camp is all one stanza, which mirrors the mother revealing a stream of feelings. The poet Chinua Achebe, is a U. N ambassador. While he was writing the poem he might have referred to the time he had visited some refugee camps, and had seen the conditions. He believes that any mother in a refugee camp can give better than the best type of love that exists. This poem was largely influenced by the negative theme of loss and separation, between a mother and her child. Poem at thirty nine, is based on how a daughter looks back on her memories with her father. The speakers father was close to dying â€Å"before the end† has the connotations of death, and her father standing before it. This quote has effectively used the technique of euphemism, it shows the separation that will be caused because of the death of her father. This quote is the first time she shows a sign of loss and regret. In the first few stanzas is the description of the speakers father, she had mainly remembered him guiding her life. He had â€Å"taught† her many things. This word was repeated often in the first section of this poem. This reveals the relationship between the speaker and her parent. This poem shows more of a teacher student relationship rather than one between a father and his daughter. The word ‘taught’ showed that the speaker considered her father to be a role model, and this quote convey the significance of his role. When writing this poem Alice Walker may have been inspired by the death of her own father. She had expressed her feelings and emotions into this poem, and explores the theme of loss from her own experience. The free verse structure follows the train of thoughts. The speaker in poem at thirty nine had been separated from her father due to his death yet she carried on adapting to her life even after her loss. In poem at thirty nine , the speaker uses a simile to describe her father as being care free when she says â€Å"he cooked like a person dancing†. This quote creates an image of her father being more spontaneous just like her. The poet uses enjambment to effectively maintain a trail of memories, the remembrance of her father once she had lost him was further inserted using this technique. Compared to her past she has become more light hearted â€Å"Seasoning none of my life the same way twice† . This quote has revealed the persona to be spontaneous which contrasts with her father as she is shown to be more diverse compared to her father being tedious. This extract once again refers to cooking. The way her father had brought her up made her more unpredictable, the lack on structure in the stanza mirrors the atmosphere. The cooking could be a symbol of independence, her ability to strive even without her father. Piano written by D. H Lawrence, is another poem that shares the theme of nostalgia. Both poems demonstrate a reflection upon the speakers childhood. The poet had used comparison between â€Å"grieved† and â€Å"admire† which was what the persona believed her father would have thought of her in the past and at the present time. This difference shows the adjustment in tone from the beginning of the poem when the tone was more negative and the end where the tone changed to be more positive as she started using words like admire. she had thought her father would be disappointed with her, but towards the end she thought she would have been admired. In this poem a daughter had lost her father and the theme of this loss was continuously supported throughout the poem. In conclusion, all 3 poems share the theme of Loss and separation. Remember emphasizes the loss in relationships, and that grief will undoubtedly come with the loss of a loved one. The speakers quality of writing is shown in her other pieces. A mother in refugee camp explores the theme of loss in a perspective a mother losing her child. Poem at thirty nine describes the relationship between a daughter and her father, that had met his death. The poet shows how the speaker remembered and admired her father in various ways. All of the poems stress the inevitability of loss and separation in all relationships.

Case Study On Solar Energy - 1986 Words

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Campus Rape Is An Increasing Phenomenon Today Modern Day...

Campus rape is an increasing phenomenon in modern day institutions of higher learning. In defining the term rape Vladutiu C.J. et al. (2011) highlighted that it is a form of sexual assault which involves sexual intercourse. On the other hand, Fisher et al. (2000) defined campus rape as sexual assault which occurs to students attending an institute of higher learning. However, for rape to be categorized as campus rape, it has to have happened within the college or university environment. Therefore, in order for rape to qualify as campus rape, it has to be reported as having occurred on campus property. The following information describes the prevalence of campus rape, the victims or groups affected by it, factors which cause or contribute†¦show more content†¦Further support is supplied by Fisher et al. (2000) who reviewed the 1997 National Institute of Justice study on rape and reported that between one-fifth and one-quarter of women within college campus report rape cases w ithin each year. It was further stated that, â€Å"Women within college campuses, and the social values and believed associated to campus rape are at greater risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault than women in the general population or in a comparable age group† (Fisher et. Al pg. 3). Based on other findings in a study conducted by Martin et al. (2009) 20–25% of female undergraduates experience rape in their college life. However, though rape among male students occurs at a lower rate, the students also report rape cases. Among the major groups of people who have been affected by campus rape first-year students are more vulnerable to sexual assault (Krebs et al., 2009). This is due partly to the inexperience and familiarity of the campus environment. The freshmen are also regarded as having increased fear over older students and are often unaware of the administrative structure. Therefore, their probability of reporting rape is low compared to older students who understand the institution in detail as well as any procedures and rules. The major argument for the lack is that it is difficult to classify the different categories of rape victims in terms of age or race. As a result of rape within college campuses occurring